Saturday, December 28, 2019

Children´s Discipline and Spanking - 1294 Words

Many parents find themselves using frequent sayings such as, â€Å"do not touch that†, do not do that†, and â€Å"stop being mean to your sister!† Along with those sayings, parents still refer to a specific passage from the Bible, Proverbs 22:15, which states: Foolishness is bound in the heart of a child; but the rod of correction shall drive it far from him. The chapters 22 and 23 of Proverbs speak of how the rod should be used and when. It also tells parents spanking the child will not kill him. Many researchers and parents would argue these facts and state is does cause harm but if they could understand the limitations of the teachings, incorporate communication, and set boundaries the use of a rod would instill wisdom, instruction, and†¦show more content†¦This is something that a parent could have a hard time reversing and the child will grow up questioning their self-worth, leading to the issues mentioned earlier. Afterwards, the parent should commu nicate their pain to the child rather than anger. The parent needs to explain that they are heartbroken because of what the child did, showing they know the child can do better. Mentioning to the child that he/she betrayed the parents trust and letting them see how the parent feels will show disappointment. This is better than mentioning anger to the child or showing it because the child will be cautious of their actions rather than fearful of an angry acting parent. Setting Boundaries When Getting Physical A parents attitude plays a big role when discipline children responsibly. Many studies state harsh punishment and frequent physical actions between parent and child have only negative effects. In reference back to the Bible the verse Proverbs 23:26 states: My son, give me thine heart, and let thine eyes observe my ways. Children look up to their parents and that relationship should never be compromised. First off if a parent can only disciple out of anger instead of love the parent needs to have a time out themselves to collect thoughts before talking to or spanking the child. The parent should tell the child, â€Å"please go to a certain area and wait†. S So now the parent has doneShow MoreRelatedWhy Spanking Children Is Wrong1453 Words   |  6 PagesWhy Spanking Children is Wrong Parents have been spanking their children for hundreds of years, but recently this practice has come into question. The concern is not regarding the effec tiveness of spanking but the correctness of spanking. Parents should not be allowed to strike their children. Child abuse is defined as any unnecessary or intentional physical or emotional or sexual mistreatment of children. Spanking is not the only method of child discipline. Spanking is not even the most effectiveRead MoreCorporal Punishment Is A Discipline Method1650 Words   |  7 Pagescriminal law, â€Å"Spanking, also called corporal punishment, is a discipline method in which a person inflicts pain on a child without inflicting injury and with the intent to modify the child’s behavior. Forms of corporal punishment include hitting a child’s bottom, slapping, grabbing, shoving, or hitting a child with a belt or paddle† (Mince-Didier). Supposedly people against spanking define it broadly so that it can be easily be connected to child abuse. People who support spanking tend to uses definitionsRead MoreSpanking a Child and Child Abuse1076 Words   |  5 Pa gesSpanking a child is not against the law in most places. However, parents who use it in their homes are being accused of child abuse. The Chicago Tribune published an article that urged readers to report child abuse when they become aware of it. In the article â€Å"Child abuse in plain View† the author describes spanking as a type of abuse that happens behind closed doors (â€Å"Child abuse in plain View†). Like most critics of corporal punishment, the author is trying to link spanking to abuse. The author`sRead MoreEssay On Child Discipline1296 Words   |  6 PagesDiscipline has always been an effective way to guide children. There are many forms of discipline that parents use and they all have an effect. Some work better for some children while other forms may work for another. Parents can sometimes be stuck with how they should discipline their children and they want to know more about what is effective. In terms of punishment one form that is commonly used is corporal punishment, which is punishment in the physical form. One form of corporal punishmentRead More The Controversy Behind Child Spanking Essay1647 Words   |  7 PagesThe Controversy Behind Child Spanking   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Spanking a child is a controversial issue. On one side of the debate are people who believe spanking is a necessary component of parenting. On the contrary are people who think spanking a child is destructive. Somewhere in the middle are people who believe spanking is legitimate only when used correctly. Part of the reason for the debate is that some parents and experts define spanking differently. To some, spanking means slapping a child on the rear-endRead MoreSpanking A Child Is Wrong And Harmful1413 Words   |  6 Pagesthrough your head when someone asks,†How did you discipline your children?† Parents will either lead in one of three ways: strict discipline, mild discipline, or no discipline at all. No matter how a parent disciplines their children, there will be complications in a home, but when parents can no longer be â€Å"parents† due to others trying to step in and control their style of parenting, that is where a problem comes up. T here are people who think that spanking a child is wrong and harmful to the child, andRead MoreThe Effects Of Spanking On Child Aggression1184 Words   |  5 Pages Spankings: Revered or Reformed. Davon Miles The University of Memphis The Effects of spanking on Child Aggression Spanking is subjective in the least. Most parents suggest that using spankings as a form of discipline is essential to the development of a compliant child. For most Americans, this truth is one of the core foundations of the American model home. â€Å"70% of mothers indicated they had spanked their child at least once by the time he or she was 2-years-old†Read MorePhysical Discipline with Children1100 Words   |  4 PagesSpanking a child is not against the law in most places. However, parents who use it in their homes are being accused of child abuse. The Chicago Tribune published an article that urged readers to report child abuse when they become aware of it. In the article â€Å"Child abuse in plain View† the author describes spanking as a type of abuse that happens behind closed doors (â€Å"Child abuse in plain View†). Like most critics of corporal punishment, the author is trying to link spanking to abuse. The author`sRead MoreThe Spanking Issue: the Et hical Dilemma of Corporal Punishment1526 Words   |  7 PagesThe Spanking Issue: The Ethical Dilemma of Corporal Punishment This issue of corporal punishment is a current issue that many people have on their minds. The issue strikes an emotional chord for many whom were or were not punished by spanking during their own childhoods. The issue generally focuses on the effect that spanking or other discipline methods will have on children. I will specifically be exploring the question: is it ever appropriate to spank a child? The cases for and against the spankingRead MoreHistory of Spanking Essay1386 Words   |  6 Pagesnation Americans have wrestled about the topic of spanking children for discipline. We waver back and forth for a while it is okay and expected that we will discipline the children by using corporal punishment. Then everything changes and for years it is no longer acceptable. It has been the subject of many heated debates and will continue to do so as long as we have parents and as long as they raise children. In the long run we will find out if spanking turned out to be an asset or a lia bility but for

Thursday, December 19, 2019

The Unique And Additive Associations Of Family Functioning...

The title of the article is The Unique and Additive Associations of Family Functioning and Parenting Practices with Disordered Eating Behaviors in Diverse Adolescents. This article was written by Jerica M. Berge with the Department of Family Medicine and Community Health at the University of Minnesota Medical Schools in Minneapolis; Melanie Wall with the Department of Biostatistics at Columbia University in New York, NY, as well as the Division of Biostatics of the Department of Psychology and the Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University in New York, NY; Nicole Larson, Marie E. Eisenberg, Katie A. Loth, and Dianne Neurmark-Sztainer of the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis; Marie E. Eisenberg was also affiliated with the Division of Adolescent Health and Medicine with the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis. This article was found in the Journal of Behavioral Medicine and publish ed by Springer Science and Business Media online on November 30, 2012. The purpose of the article was to â€Å"identify the unique and additive relationships of family functioning and mother and father parenting practices with adolescent girls’ and boys’ disordered eating behaviors in a racially/ ethnically) and socio-economically diverse population in order to inform treatment and prevention efforts in adolescents with disordered eating behaviors. [And] identify the independent associations between

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting? Answer: Introduction Corporate governance offers disciplinary approaches for controlling and managing the operations an organization. Ethics are the moral values and disciplines incorporated in the conducts of an organization. Corporate sustainability is a business approach, which focuses on long term stakeholders value through utilizing the opportunities and minimizing the risks of economical, social and environmental development (Quarshie, Salmi and Leuschner 2016). This study will assess the sustainability aspect of Timberwell Constructions mentioned in the case study as per the standards of GRI (Global Reporting Initiatives). As per the case study, Timberwell Constructions is an organization performing residential development in Stanwell Council district. The disclosures of GRI standard discussed in this study will evaluate the economic, environment and social sustainability of the organization. Economic Sustainability This disclosure reports on the risks and opportunities imposed by climate change, which have the potential for generating substantiate changes in revenues, operation and expenditure. The risks and opportunities are mostly classified as either regulatory, physical or other. It also focuses on the impact associated with those risks and opportunities. Furthermore, the importance of this disclosure relies on financial implication of those risks and opportunities prior to take any action (Alonso?Almeida, Llach and Marimon 2014). On the other hand, the impact focus of this disclosure is highlighting the methods of managing the risks and opportunities and estimating the cost of managing those risks and opportunities. This disclosure is concerned with measuring the risk and opportunities due to climate change, which is actually caused from organizational activities. It is also related with assessing the financial implication for preventing the impact on climate change (Barkemeyer, Preuss and Lee 2015). Timberwell Constructions has been alleged with making imbalance in the life of biodiversity. Such imbalance has huge impact on climate change. The construction company has cleared 0.45 hectares area, which actually endangered ecological community coastal grasslands. Furthermore, the organization has also been alleged with clearing a land, which is actually recognized under State Planning Scheme having significant flora and fauna attributes. The land clearing activities and deforestation are the main reasons for increased bushfire, which is directly linked with climate change. Hence, the organization has been fined with $200,000 for critically endangering community coastal grasslands. Timberwell has also been ordered with implementing a rehabilitation program biodiversity, which would cost almost $440,000. Stanwell Council has proposed Local Environmental Plan (LEP) for preventing the impact of global warming causing climate change and increased bushfire. As per this LEP, the new development area will have to meet the bushfire safety and standards and use fire redundant material for building. Timberwell would require $4 million for complying with the new regulations. Apart from that, the organization has affianced with an external town planning firm for managing the application of site development and working with Stanwell Council. Such town planning firm has charged $50,000 to provide their service. In disclosure 205-3, the stakeholders of an organization have an interest in both the happening of incidents and response of the organization to that incident. The public cases about corruption can include current public prosecutions, investigation and closed cases. Moreover, this disclosure reports on the total number of confirmed corruption incidents. Furthermore, it also highlights the total numbers of employees dismissed and disciplined for corruption. Apart from that, focus of this disclosure also identifies the number of confirmed incidents, where an organization has terminated the contracts with its business partners (Diouf and Boiral 2017). On the other hand, the disclosure also explores the public cases placed against an organization or its employees during the reporting time. As per GRI Disclosure 205-3, offering bribes to public officers is considered under corruption case (Alonso?Almeida, Llach and Marimon 2014). Timberwell Constructions has been alleged with a public cor ruption scandal, where five employees of Timberwell and two business partners are involved. As per the complaints, those five employees and two business partners have been alleged with offering bribes to council project officers for pushing the development applications of the organization through the council approval process. Hence, the state corruption commission has charged each of those employees and business partners for their corruption. The organization has suspended those 5 employees without pay. The organization has also ended its partnership contracts with those two business partners. This disclosure pertains to the legal actions initiated under national and international laws, which is actually designed for regulating the anti-competitive behavior, anti-trust or monopoly behavior (Junior, Best and Cotter 2014). Such practices can influence the consumer choice, pricing and some other factors, which are essential for efficient marketing. The legislation introduced by this disclosure prevents the monopoly practice with the assumption that competition among the enterprises actually promotes economic efficiency and sustainable growth. The disclosure highly focuses on the legal action, which indicates the situation, where the market status or actions of an organization have reached an adequate scale of merit concern by the third party. The legal actions raised from such situations can carry the risks of important disruption of market activities in regards to an organization and punitive measures. This centre focus of this disclosure is on the number of legal actions co mpleted or pending against an organization during the reporting period in regards to the anti-competitive behavior and violations of monopoly and anti-trust legislation associated with an organization (Quarshie, Salmi and Leuschner 2016). Apart from that, it also discloses the outcome of the legal actions including the judgment and decision. In case of Timberwell Constructions, the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) has made an allegation in Federation Court against the organization for its alleged anti-competitive. In such anti-competitive behavior, the organization misused the market power and exclusive dealing. As per the allegation, Timberwell Constructions told the suppliers and contractors that it would reduce or withdraw its contracts with them, if were involved with the new competitive development company and local builders. The organization engaged with this conduct preventing new entrants in the development market, which was actually intended for fostering monopoly practice and anti-competitive behavior. The case has been listed in Federal Court and the hearing of the case will be within 4 months in the Federal Court. Environmental sustainability This disclosure pertains to the fuel or energy consumption within an organization. Such energy consumption can both be from renewable sources or non-renewable fuel consumption (Sierra?Garca, Zorio?Grima and Garca?Benau 2015). An organization can source its energy from different energy sources like electricity, renewable or non-renewable energy sources. The energy sources like water and steam provided from district heating plant can be extremely significant for an organization (Diouf and Boiral 2017). On the other hand, the non-renewable energy sources like boilers, turbines, heaters, generators, flares are also extremely significant for an organization towards sourcing required energy. This disclosure calculates the energy consumption of an organization in joules. The second media released explains that Timberwell Constructions is highly efficient in energy consumption. It signifies that the organization makes a balance between the renewable and non-renewable energy sources in terms of energy consumption. The Australian Department of Industry and Science has reported on the energy consumption of Timberwell Constructions. As per this report, the total non-renewable fuel consumption of the organization is 1.0 Gigajoule (109 joules). On the other hand, the total renewable fuel consumption of the organization is 0.5 Gigajoule. Furthermore, the organization consumes 2.0 Gigajoule from Electricity consumption. The media has also explained that the organization will raise its energy consumption from non-renewable sources, which will be 50% of its total energy consumption within next three years. It indicates that the organization is highly concerned about saving the energy sources of the environment for sustainable energy consumption. As per this disclosure, the areas of impact are not limited to formally protected areas. It may also consider the impact on buffer zones as well as formally designated areas of sensitivity (Tschopp and Nastanski 2014). Furthermore, this disclosure reports on the strategy of an organization toward minimizing significant direct or indirect impact on biodiversity. The disclosure indentifies the activities occurring in both protected areas and other areas having high level of biodiversity value even outside the protected area. Such monitoring activities actually make possible for the organization to reduce the risks associated with the impacts. Furthermore, the monitoring activities of the disclosure also facilitate an organization towards reducing and managing impacts on biodiversity and avoiding mismanagement (Grushina 2017). In case of Timberwell Constructions, the development program of the organization has hampered the biodiversity life of flora and fauna. The organization has also hampered the biodiversity life through endangering the ecological community coastal grassland. It has actually hampered the normal lifecycle of the biodiversity life. Moreover, the site development activities of the organization is actually influencing on the life of biodiversity. The organization has been ordered by Department of the Environment and Energy to implement rehabilitation program for managing biodiversity. 60% of the organizations Otford Park development site is inhabited by rare wallum sedge frog. The residential development having medium density would irrevocably alter the habitat and it would be incoherent frogs with survival on the site. In this way, the organizational activities of this organization have huge impact of biodiversity life that is actually hampering the environment. However, Timberwell Constru ctions is working with Stanwell Council and environmental groups for devising strategy to manage proposed development of sites towards conserving wallum sedge frog. This disclosure highlights the non-compliance of an organization to ensure its ability towards certain performance parameters. Non-compliance leads to cleaning up obligations and other costly environmental liabilities (Camilleri 2015). This disclosure assesses the operations of an organization for their compliance with strict environmental standards. The strength of an organization in terms of its compliance record with environmental records can affect its capability of expanding its operations and gaining permits. In some jurisdictions, voluntary environmental conformity with statutory authorities is referred as covenants. Such disclosure also highlights the cases against an organization through the use of international or national dispute mechanism governed by statutory authorities. In case of Timberwell Constructions, the development program of the organization cleared and cleaned 0.45 hectares land, which endangered coastal grasslands of ecological community. It indicates that th e organization is not complying with the environmental standards by hampering the ecological balance through its operations. Hence, the organization has been fined with $200,000 Department of the Environment and Energy for this non-compliance with environmental laws. Apart from that, the organization has also been ordered with external review of vegetation management plan, which can cost $440,000. The medium density development program has been proposed for the sites for the non-compliance of the organization with environmental laws and conservation. Social sustainability As per this disclosure, the age, number and region of new hires in an organization indicate the capability and strategy of that organization towards attracting qualified and diverse employees. This information can also indicate the effort level of an organization towards implementing inclusive recruitment process based on gender and age. This disclosure also indicates the optimal use of existing labors and talents in different regions. As per this disclosure, increasing rate of employee turnover signifies the insecurity and frustration among the employees (Grushina 2017). It signals the fundamental changes required in the structure of the core operations of an organization. Uneven pattern of employee turnover base on gender or age signifies the incompatibility and inequity in the workplace (Barkemeyer, Preuss and Lee 2015). Increasing turnover can results in reduced human and intellectual capital of an organization, which can hamper its ultimate productivity. In case of Timberwell Co nstructions, the organization mostly hires the employees, who are aged between 30 to 50 years. Recently, the organization has to employ 12 new apprentices in the reporting period, as 17 employees left the job. It indicates that the employees of this organization are paid low pay rates and they are not even provided with roistered day off. Hence, the reason behind the high turnover of the organization is employee dissatisfaction. This disclosure highlights on the existence of employee discrimination in an organization. As per the instruction of ILO (International Labor Organization), discrimination in an organization can be based on the ground of sex, race, color, religion, national extraction and even social origin (Quarshie, Salmi and Leuschner 2016). Apart from that, employee discrimination can also occur based on age, gender, migrant status, lifestyle, genetic predisposition and others. However, the discrimination among the employees based on such factors ultimately becomes the reason of employee dissatisfaction. Moreover, the existence and successful execution of policies towards avoiding employee discrimination are the fundamental expectation of socially accountable conduct (Diouf and Boiral 2017). In case of Timberwell Constructions, the organization has been alleged with discrimination among the employees based on the age of the employees. Moreover, one employee named Dennis McCabe resigned from this organization and filed a report on workplace harassment to the Fair Work Commission. The organization has been alleged with employee discrimination, where this particular employee was the target of humiliating age related jokes from other employees. Moreover, the employee discrimination of the organization was actually based on the age of the employees. Such discrimination was actually like harassment for that particular employee, who ultimately resigned from the organization for such harassment. Later on, Fair Work Commission ordered the organization to pay the employee $4,400 in compensation. Furthermore, the organization has also complied with the order of commission for updating its anti-discrimination policy and providing training on anti- This disclosure highlights on the engagement of an organization with its local community towards overall local community development. Local community is mostly ranged from the persons adjacent to the organization and those persons influenced by the organizational operation (Tschopp and Nastanski 2014). In case of Timberwell Constructions, the third media release of the organization indicates its huge expense for engaging with community, performing impact assessment and formulating social development program. The development program of the organization is targeted towards all proposed housing developments. Moreover, the initiatives include local residential meetings, Environmental Impact Assessments and development of local community based on needs of local community for affordable social housing. Conclusion While concluding the study, it can be said that Timberwell Constructions has been alleged with several economically unsustainable conducts. It has to adhere to the new rules of Local Environmental Plan (LEP) for minimizing its impact on climate change. The assessment of GRI Disclosure 205-3 has demonstrated that the organization has been alleged with offering bribes to the council project officers towards pushing development application. On the other hand, the GRI Disclosure 302-1 of environment sustainability demonstrates that the organization is environmentally sound enough through using mixed consumption of renewable and non-renewable energy source. As per the Disclosure 406-1 of social sustainability, the organization has been alleged with employee discrimination based on the age of the employees. However, the organization has finally complied with the order of Fair Work Commission for updating its anti-discrimination policies and providing training on anti-discrimination to all employees Reference List Alonso?Almeida, M., Llach, J. and Marimon, F., 2014. A closer look at the Global Reporting Initiativesustainability reporting as a tool to implement environmental and social policies: A worldwide sector analysis.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,21(6), pp.318-335. Barkemeyer, R., Preuss, L. and Lee, L., 2015. On the effectiveness of private transnational governance regimesEvaluating corporate sustainability reporting according to the Global Reporting Initiative.Journal of World Business,50(2), pp.312-325. Camilleri, M.A., 2015. Valuing stakeholder engagement and sustainability reporting.Corporate Reputation Review,18(3), pp.210-222. Diouf, D. and Boiral, O., 2017. The quality of sustainability reports and impression management: A stakeholder perspective.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,30(3), pp.643-667. Grushina, S.V., 2017. Collaboration by design: Stakeholder engagement in GRI sustainability reporting guidelines.Organization Environment,30(4), pp.366-385. Junior, R.M., Best, P.J. and Cotter, J., 2014. Sustainability reporting and assurance: A historical analysis on a world-wide phenomenon.Journal of Business Ethics,120(1), pp.1-11. Quarshie, A.M., Salmi, A. and Leuschner, R., 2016. Sustainability and corporate social responsibility in supply chains: The state of research in supply chain management and business ethics journals.Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management,22(2), pp.82-97. Sierra?Garca, L., Zorio?Grima, A. and Garca?Benau, M.A., 2015. Stakeholder engagement, corporate social responsibility and integrated reporting: an exploratory study.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,22(5), pp.286-304. Tschopp, D. and Nastanski, M., 2014. The harmonization and convergence of corporate social responsibility reporting standards.Journal of Business Ethics,125(1), pp.147-162.

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Journeys Essays - Arachnologists, Botanical Nomenclature

Journeys Journey A Lifetime of Journeys Journey is an important theme found in Asian American works. Although journey, by travel from one place to another is a common form of journey, the journey through life in search of success is also an important theme. In Asian American Literature, an anthology by Shawn Wong, who has been recognized for his works ofpublished poetry, fiction, essays, and reviews there are many references to journeys. Why does journey play such an important part of the lives of Asian Americans? What kinds of journeys does the literature of Asian Americans depict? What is the significance of journey in Asian American pieces? Journey is important to Asian Americans, because like so many other cultures, they too, are in search of a better way of life. The "American Dream", is what everyone desires to achieve. The opportunity to make a good living and the freedom that America claims to offer is enough to entice anyone. "The Blossoming of Bongbong" in Asian American Literature, by Jessica Hagedon, who is from the Philippines and came to the United States in 1962 and has published work, is about a character named Antonio Gargazulio-Duarte who makes his way to America in search of the "American Dream". Antonio, also known as Bongbong, wanted to realize his dreams and felt that he would never achieve them in Manila. " Bongbong finally left Manila on a plane for San Mobley-May 2 Francisco. He was deathly afraid" (Wong 203). Even though Bongbong was fearful of what he might find in America, he was determined to go after the opportunities he sought. Journeys take many forms in the writings, plays, movies and art of Asian Americans. Journeys are taken from native countries to America, from one place to another in America, and the life spent trying to succeed or actually succeeding in their dreams. For instance, in Cathy Song's poem " The Youngest Daughter" it says " She knows I am not to be trusted, even now planning my escape" (381). The child in this poem desires escape from herself and her family, especially her mother. Then in the play "The Music Lessons", by Wakako Yamauchi, who is a second generation Japanese American woman, she describes the suffering, hardships and the adapting that the first generation and successive generations of women from Japan had endured in the United States beginning in the early 1900s. Aki Sakata, who is a fifteen year old female character in the play wants a better life for herself. She is fearful she will endure the same type of hardship her mother was experiencing. Aki tells her mother " I know about them and I don't want to stick around and become the kind of woman you are" (445). Aki believes that a much older man then herself would provide her opportunity to escape the hard work of farming that her mother must do to provide for her and her two brothers. Another form of journey takes place in the movie Sister, Double Happiness, written and directed by Mina Shun, when Jade who yearns to become an actress rebels against her family's morals and traditions. Her wishes to become an actress are extremely Mobley-May 3 unacceptable by her father. Both her parents were constantly trying to persuade her to explore something else. Jade struggles to find her identity and to fit in. It was unacceptable in this family to move from home before being married and if you did, as in Jade's decision to do so, you were disowned and denied a return home. Jade left her family to seek out her dream and her father took her house key from her, so that she would not be able to come home. Asian American's Literature depicts many forms of journey and they are similar to one another, yet they are individual journeys for themselves. Journey is significant to Asian American literature, because of the desire to succeed and fit in. This is something that I think everyone wants, whether they are Asian, Hispanic, African American or of any other cultural background. I know that I want to succeed and I want to fit in some where. Goals are important and one must make a journey if they are to reach their goal. The journey does not have to be a physical move from one place to another, it can be a journey of the mind, but indeed a journey must be made. My step-grandmother, who is from the Philippines made several journeys throughout her life and continues to make journeys.